Guanabara Bay

 ( Bays Of Brazil ) 

Guanabara Bay (, , Guanabarino Michaelis On-line ) is an oceanic bay in Southeast Brazil in the state of Rio de Janeiro. On its western shore lie the cities of Rio de Janeiro and Duque de Caxias, and on its eastern shore are the cities of Niterói and São Gonçalo. Four other municipalities surround the bay's shores. Guanabara Bay is the second largest bay in area in Brazil (after the All Saints' Bay), at , with a perimeter of .

Guanabara Bay is long and wide at its maximum. Its wide mouth is flanked at the eastern tip by the Pico do Papagaio (Parrot's Peak) and the western tip by Pão de Açúcar (Sugar Loaf).

The name Guanabara comes from the Tupi language, goanã-pará, from gwa "bay", plus nã "similar to" and ba'ra "sea". Other glosses include hidden water,

lagoon of the sea,

(2016). 9781465452016 . ISBN 9781465452016

and bosom of the sea.

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History Guanabara Bay was first encountered by Europeans on January 1, 1502, when Portuguese explorers Gaspar de Lemos and Gonçalo Coelho Jorge Couto, 1995, A Construção do Brasil, Lisbon: Cosmos. arrived on its shores. According to some historians, Vasco Mariz, 2006, "Os Fundadores do Rio de Janeiro: Vespucci, Villegagnon ou Estácio de Sá?", in Brasil-França. Relações históricas no período colonial, Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca do Exército, p. 80. the name given by the exploration team to the bay was originally Ria de Janeiro ("January's Ria"). Then confusion took place between the words ria and rio ("river"). As a result, the name of the bay was soon fixed as Rio de Janeiro. Later, the city was named after the bay. Natives of the Tamoio and Tupiniquim tribes inhabited the shores of the bay.

After the initial arrival of the Portuguese, no significant European settlements were established until French colonists and soldiers, under the Huguenot Admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon invaded the region in 1555 to establish the France Antarctique. They stayed briefly on Lajes Island, then moved to Serigipe Island, near the shore, where they built Fort Coligny. After they were expelled by Portuguese military expeditions in 1563, the colonial government built fortifications in several points of Guanabara Bay, rendering it almost impregnable against a naval attack from the sea. They were the Santa Cruz, São João, Lajes and Villegaignon forts, forming a fearsome crossfire rectangle of big artillery. Other islands were adapted by the Navy to host naval storehouses, hospitals, , and the National Naval Academy.

Underwater exploration in the bay was disallowed by the Brazilian government in 1985 amid a dispute with American writer and treasure hunter Robert Marx, who claimed to have found evidence of a Roman shipwreck. Carl Feagans tells of 16 amphorae made for antiques-lover Americo Santarelli in 1960 or 1961, all 16 of which deliberately sunk in the bay for them to acquire the look of ancient artefacts covered in barnacles and corals; 4 of the 16 original amphorae were subsequently recovered, leaving 12 scattered about the bay, where two were found by lobster divers in 1974.

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Description There are more than 130 islands dotting the bay, including:

• Lajes
• Ilha do Governador – site of Rio de Janeiro's Galeão - Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport
• Ilha de Paquetá
• Ilha das Cobras
• Flores
• Ilha Fiscal
• Ilha da Boa Viagem
• Villegagnon
• Fundão

The bay is crossed by the Rio-Niterói Bridge ( long and with a central span high) and there is heavy boat and ship traffic, including regular ferryboat lines. The Port of Rio de Janeiro, as well as the city's two airports, Galeão - Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport (on Governador Island) and Santos Dumont Airport (on Land reclamation next to downtown Rio), are on its shores. The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro main campus is on the artificial Fundão Island. A maze of smaller bridges interconnect the two largest islands, Fundão and Governador, to the mainland.

There is an Environmental Protection Area (APA), which is mostly in the municipality of Guapimirim and given the name of Guapimirim APA.

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Environment Guanabara Bay's once rich and diversified ecosystem has suffered extensive damage in recent decades, particularly along its mangrove areas. The bay has been heavily impacted by urbanization, deforestation, and water pollution of its waters with sewage, waste, and oil spills. As of 2014, more than 70% of the sewage from 12 million inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro now flows into the bay untreated.

There have been three major oil spills in Guanabara Bay. The most recent was in 2000 when a leaking Petrobras underwater pipeline released of oil into the bay, destroying large swaths of the mangrove ecosystem. Recovery measures are currently being attempted, but more than a decade after the incident, the mangrove areas have not returned to life.

One of the world's largest is at Jardim Gramacho adjacent to Guanabara Bay. It was closed in 2012 after 34 years of operation. The landfill attracted attention from environmentalists and it supported 1,700 people scavenging for recyclable materials.

from Guanabara Bay|alt=|left]]In June 2014, Dutch windsurfer and former Olympic and world champion Dorian van Rijsselberghe made an urgent appeal to government and industry in the Netherlands to collaborate in cleaning up the bay, together with the Plastic Soup Foundation. The Dutch government picked up the message and formulated a Clean Urban Delta Initiative Rio de Janeiro together with a consortium of Dutch industry, knowledge institutes and NGOs which will be presented to the Brazilian authorities in the State of Rio de Janeiro.

As part of the preparations for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio, the government was supposed to improve the conditions, but progress has been slow. There have been concerns that the efforts may only be short-term and abandoned following the Games, as there would be little political incentive to continue with them.

The marine ecosystem of Guanabara Bay was severely damaged;Ruback C.. 2009. Saiba mais sobre a Baía de Guanabara. R7 (pt). Retrieved on September 18, 2017 the bay was once a whaling ground,HISTÓRICO - A PONTA DA ARMAÇÃO. Casa d’Armas da Ponta da Armação . Retrieved on September 18, 2017Jorge S.. 2013. Baleias na Baía da Guanabara. Primeira Leitura. Retrieved on September 18, 2017Barata C. . 2010. Rio Antigo - Pesca da Baleia 1790c LJ. YouTube. Retrieved on September 18, 2017 and today, whales are no longer or rarely seen while Bryde's whales can be seen around the bay entrance.Lodi L.. 2016. Baleia-de-bryde: Navegando com as gigantes. Blog ECONSERV – Ecologia, Conservação e Serviços. Retrieved on September 18, 2017Lima D.

L.. 2016. [https://oglobo.globo.com/rio/frequentes-na-orla-do-rio-neste-verao-baleias-de-bryde-despertam-curiosidade-18587374 Frequentes na orla do Rio neste verão, baleias-de-bryde despertam curiosidade].Globo.com. Retrieved on September 18, 2017 The bay is also home to a population of [[boto]]sRuback C.. 2009. [http://noticias.r7.com/cidades/noticias/botos-lutam-para-sobreviver-na-baia-de-guanabara-20091121.html Botos lutam para sobreviver na Baía de Guanabara]. R7. Retrieved on September 18, 2017[http://www.pick-upau.org.br/mundo/baleias/baleias.htm ESPECIAL CETÁCEOS - BALEIAS: POR QUE PROTEGÊ-LAS?]. Pick-upau. Retrieved on September 18, 2017 and this population faces severe risks of population decline.Dale J.. 2016. [https://oglobo.globo.com/rio/populacao-de-golfinhos-da-baia-de-guanabara-sofre-reducao-de-90-em-tres-decadas-1-16110633 População de golfinhos da Baía de Guanabara sofre redução de 90% em três décadas]. Globo.com. Retrieved on September 18, 2017
     

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Further reading

• RGSSA catalogue. Bell, Alured Gray, 1870-1925 The Beautiful Rio de Janeiro. London : William Heinemann, 1914
• 'back to Rio'. RGSSA blog post, images of Guanabara Bay taken 1914

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See also

• List of deepest natural harbours

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